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Prolactin

1. Definition: Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in regulating lactation (milk production) in females. It also has various functions in males and non-pregnant females, including influencing reproductive health and metabolism.
2. Testing Methodology: The Prolactin test is conducted using a blood sample drawn from a vein. The serum prolactin level is measured using immunoassay techniques, with results typically reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL).
3. Clinical Significance: Elevated levels of prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) can lead to various health issues, including irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and galactorrhea (milk production unrelated to childbirth). In males, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and erectile dysfunction.
4. Risk Assessment: Monitoring prolactin levels is particularly important in individuals experiencing unexplained reproductive issues, such as infertility, menstrual irregularities, or galactorrhea. It can also help assess pituitary function and detect prolactin-secreting tumors (prolactinomas).
5. Guidelines for Interpretation: Normal prolactin levels generally range from 4 to 23 ng/mL in non-pregnant females and from 3 to 15 ng/mL in males, though these values may vary slightly by laboratory. Elevated levels may necessitate further evaluation to determine the underlying cause.
6. Follow-Up and Management: If prolactin levels are found to be abnormal, healthcare providers may recommend additional imaging studies, such as MRI, to evaluate the pituitary gland. Treatment options may include medication (such as dopamine agonists) to lower prolactin levels, lifestyle changes, or surgery in cases of prolactinomas, with regular monitoring to assess treatment efficacy.